Accio:
Latin: 'To Summon'
Summons an object from any nearby place.
Alohomora:
Unknown
Opens locked doors, unless they're enchanted to resist the spell.
Avada Kedavra: The Killing Curse
Unforgivable
Unknown
Kedavra may be IMO taken from Esperanto 'kedavro', meaning 'corpse'. Other european languages use the words 'cadavre' (french...) or 'cadaver' (spanish...) or even 'kadaver' (swedish).
Kills. The only person known to have survived it is Harry Potter.
Colloportus:
Latin: Colligo: To Bind' and Porta: 'Door'
Locks a door. Can be countered by Alohomora.
Crucio: The Cruciatus Curse
Unforgivable
Latin: 'To Torture'
Makes the victim experience unsufferable pain. When use long on someone, it might drive them mad.
Evanesco: The Vanishing Spell
Latin: 'To Disappear'
Makes a liquid disappear.
Expecto Patronum:
Latin: 'To Wait for the Guardian'
Summons a Patronus, magical, powerful creature, unique for each wizard. It's the only spell able to counter a Dementor. Patroni are also known as very reliable messengers.
Expelliarmus: The Disarming Charm
Latin: 'To Bannish'
Causes one's opponent's wand to fly away.
Finite:
Latin: 'Finished'
The exact use of this spell isn't known, but it will likely work as a counter-jinx.
Impedimenta:
Latin: 'Ordeal'
Cause the person the spell is put on to slow down.
Imperio: The Imperius Curse
Unforgivable
Latin: 'Order, Command'
Allows one to take full control of someone else, the victim will then act only upon command.
Legilimens:
Latin: probably an approximative translation of '(Made) Readable'
Used to 'read minds', for lack of better terms. Can be countered by Occlumency.
Levicorpus:
Half-Blood Prince Spell
Latin: Levis: 'Light' or Levo: 'Lift' and Corpus: 'Body'
Turns someone upside down, causing them to hang by the ankle in the air.
Lumos:
Latin: 'Light'
Lightens one's wand's tip.
Morsmordre:
French: Mordre: 'To Bite' (and Mors: 'You bite')
Used to draw the Dark Mark - Voldemort's sign of ralliement, symbol of death, a snake in a skull's mouth - in the sky.
Nox:
Latin: 'Night'
Turns the Lumos spell off.
Petrificus Totalus:
Latin: Petrificus: 'To Freeze' and Totalus: 'Totally'
Attack charm, though its effects aren't exactly known, it will petrify/repel an opponent.
Protego: The Shield Charm
Latin: 'To Protect'
Repels minor jinxes.
Reparo:
Latin: 'To Mend'
Mends broken things (ie small objects).
Sectumsempra:
Half-Blood Prince Spell
Latin: Sectum: 'Cut' and Sempra: 'Always'
Cuts an opponent badly.
Serpentsortia:
French: Serpent: 'Snake' and Sort: 'Spell'
Summon a snake.
Silencio:
Latin: Silens: 'Silent'
Makes an animal/a person mute.
Stupefy: The Stunning Charm
Latin: 'To Paralyse'
Freezes an opponent. This is the toughest legal attack curse.
Wingardium Leviosa:
Latin: Leviosa: 'Lifted'
Wingardium is probably due to the fact that the first object Harry and his friends attempt to levitate is a feather.
Makes an object levitate.
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